Kfc Versus Mcdonald’s

Presentation 1. 1 Background KFC According to the data, â€Å"Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is a chain of drive-thru eatery situated in Louisville, Kentucky, United States that selling Kentucky Fried Chicken around the globe. † It had been evaluated at number 60 as the world most popular brand by BusinessWeek. For KFC, singed chickens was the food they essential concentration to sells. â€Å"Their essential items included chicken pieces, plates of mixed greens, sandwiches, pastries and some simmered and flame broiled chicken foods as well. † Besides that, the hamburger and pork based items likewise offered by KFC outside the USA.The first thought of KFC’s seared chicken really is in 1930 however it was just established in 1952 by Colonel Harland Sanders, who was conceived on September 9, 1980 in Indiana, America and he was the man who built up the mystery formula which mixes of 11 herbs and flavors for making Kentucky Fried Chicken and this mystery formula despite everything utilized today. These days, KFC has in excess of 15,000 outlets in 105 nations around the globe. In 1973, the first KFC eatery in Malaysia was opened at Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur. In generally, KFC right now has 445 outlets in Malaysia and it had become the biggest inexpensive food affix in Malaysia.McDonald’s According to the data, McDonald’s is the world’s biggest chain of drive-through joint situated in Des Plaines, Illinois in 1955 to today that selling burgers around the globe and it had been evaluated at number 9 as the world most renowned brand by BusinessWeek. â€Å"For McDonald’s, nourishments that fundamentally sells by them are burgers, cheeseburgers, chicken, French fries, breakfast things, soda pops, shakes and sweets. † But these days, because of the changing of customers’ tastes, the café menu which are incorporated plates of mixed greens, smoothies and natural products have been extended by McDonaldà ¢â‚¬â„¢s company.The organizer of McDonald’s is Ray Kroc despite the fact that the principal idea of McDonald’s was really presented by kin Dick and Mac McDonald and they manufactured the first McDonald’s eatery in 1940 in San Bernardino, California. In 1954, Mr. Beam Kroc gained diversifying rights from Dick and Mac McDonald and a McDonald’s establishment was opened on 15 April, 1955 and later purchased out the McDonald’s portion of the McDonald siblings. The McDonald’s Corporation was then established in 1955 and it was extended by Ray Kroc. These days, McDonald’s has in excess of 31,000 outlets in 109 nations around the world.In 29 April 1982, the first McDonald’s café in Malaysia was opened at Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur. In generally speaking, McDonald’s presently has 200 outlets and around 20 to 25 outlets are being extended every year. 1. 2 Problem This report has been composed to look at the client care of drive-through joints in Malaysia: KFC versus McDonald’s. These days, expanding serious difficulties have been looked by the drive-through joints in Malaysia, for example, cafés KFC and McDonald’s. So as to fulfill the clients at a drive-through eatery, amazing client care ought to be given to clients by the administration and the staff.Because close to the food quality, the normalize client care that gave by drive-through eateries is normal by the clients. Right now, client care is one of the variables that decide the consumer loyalty and it will legitimately influence the matter of their drive-through joints. Be that as it may, as of late the drive-through joints are absence of client assistance. The normalization in diversifying business group doesn't guarantee the normalization of client assistance inside the drive-through eateries because of certain outlets can't catch up similar measures for client assistance in establishment framework. . 3 Purposes The reasons for this report are right off the bat to explore the consumer loyalty with the client assistance that is given by KFC versus McDonald’s and also, to discover why understudies from Tar College incline toward McDonald’s than KFC. In conclusion, is to discover what parts of client care that gave by KFC and McDonald’s influence their business. 1. 4 Methods 1. 4. 1 The Sample The example size of 30 was arbitrarily chosen, between the age of 18 to 22 from various sexual orientation. They are on the whole understudies from School of Business Studies (Banking and Finance), Tar College KL Main Campus. 1. 4. 2 Data Collection ) Survey 30 arrangements of polls were disseminated as a wellspring of essential information at Tar College KL Main Campus. These polls comprised of 8 inquiries which concentrated on the consumer loyalty with the client assistance that is given by KFC versus McDonald’s, the reasons why understudies from Tar College incline toward McDonald†™s than KFC and what parts of client assistance that gave by KFC and McDonald’s influence their business. A spotless duplicate of the poll can be found in Appendix A. b) Internet Search The wellspring of auxiliary information is the data gotten from the web research.Information was accumulated on the client assistance that is given by KFC and McDonald’s from the Internet. Different sites of KFC and McDonald’s were perused through for this exploration. 1. 5 Scope This report researches the client assistance that gave by KFC and McDonald’s as it were. Other drive-through joints are excluded from this report. It centers around the consumer loyalty with the client support that was given by KFC versus McDonald’s, the reasons why understudies from Tar College favored McDonald’s than KFC and what parts of client care that gave by KFC and McDonald’s influence their business.The study questions were circulated on 28 May 2012 at Tar College a nd gathered back after the respondents completed their review and just had 30 Tar College KL Main Campus understudies of School of Business Studies (Banking and Finance) were overviewed for this report. 2. Discoveries 2. 1 Findings from Survey/Questionnaire Pie Chart 1. 1 The outline shows the recurrence of TARC understudies go to drive-through eatery. 30 respondents were reviewed. As appeared in the pie graph 1. , there is an aggregate of 12 respondents who were setting off to the drive-through joint once at regular intervals, which involved 40% of the 30 respondents. There are likewise 8 respondents which equivalent to 27% of the 30 respondents are heading off to the drive-through eatery once per month. Other than this, there are 6 respondents, 20% of the 30 respondents go to drive-through eatery once every week. For the staying 4 respondents, there are 3 respondents go to drive-through joint not exactly once per month and just 1 respondent go to drive-thru eatery for a few times a week.This pie diagram shows that, the greater part of the TARC understudies are going to drive-thru eatery once like clockwork as it involved 40% of the 30 respondents and the least of the TARC understudies are going to drive-through joint for a few times each week as it just involved 3% of the 30 respondents. Pie Chart 1. 2 The diagram shows the drive-thru eateries that TARC understudies want to go. 30 respondents are being chosen for a study of either KFC or McDonald’s they will like to go. As appeared in the pie diagram 1. 2, there are 26 respondents which involved a huge part of 87% among the 30 respondents are want to go to McDonald’s.Whereas the staying of 4 respondents which just involved a little bit of 13% among the 30 respondents is want to go to KFC. There are enormous parts of TARC understudies like to go to McDonald’s instead of KFC. These might be influenced by the client administrations, costs and the set menu gave by the McDonald’s are b etter than KFC. Bar Chart 1. 1 The diagram shows the consumer loyalty with the client care that is given by KFC versus McDonald’s. 30 respondents were overviewed. As appeared in the bar diagram 1. 1, there is an aggregate of 17 respondents who happy with the client assistance that is given by KFC.Whereas there is a sum of 13 respondents who are not satisfed with the client that is given by KFC. Then again, there is an aggregate of 26 respondents who are happy with client care that is given by McDonald’s and the other 4 respondents are not happy with client care that is given by McDonald’s. This bar diagram shows that, client support gave by McDonald’s are progressively fulfilled by the respondents. KFCMcDonald’s Poor AverageGoodPoorAverageGood My food request was right and complete1161311316 Waiting time subsequent to requesting food12631209 Staff are understanding when taking orders32431254Communication skills421511910 Telephone administrations sk ills72032226 Staff are well disposed and polite520531710 Sauces.. untenils.. 714931710 Table 1. 1 Bar Chart 1. 2 Bar Chart 1. 3 Bar diagram 1. 2 and 1. 3 shows that, for KFC and McDonald’s, we center around seven intriguing client administrations which were reacted well from our 30 respondents in TAR College through the poll review which included whether the food was right and complete, holding up time in the wake of requesting food, staffs are tolerant when taking food, relational abilities, telephone utility aptitudes, staff are agreeable and amenable, and accessibility of sauces, tissues, and utensils.According to the overview, the inquiries were centered around the client administrations for both KFC and McDonald’s. From the respondents see, we found that the purchasers are increasingly happy with the requesting administration in McDonald’s contrasted with KFC. Requesting administration is essential to keep up the business in such a case that the food reques t wasn't right and fragmented, this may cause purchaser angry with the administration that give by the inexpensive food restaurant.Next, the holding up time after help assume a significant job in the drive-thru eatery and this is the motivation behind why buyers like to have their feast in drive-thru eatery in light of the fact that for the most part

Literary Analysis of “A Doll’s House” by Henrik Ibsen Free Essays

In the play â€Å"A Doll’s House† Henrik Ibsen acquaints us with Nora Helmer and gives us how spontanesly her structure of the perfect life can change when a mystery of her is uncovered. Nora’s spouses advancement to Manager of the town Bank, leaves her persuade she will be carrying on with a brilliant life; stress and straightforward. Nonetheless, Nora’s thought of a magnificent life is totally changed when her since quite a while ago stayed quiet is uncovered. We will compose a custom article test on Abstract Analysis of â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now It is Christmas time when the play starts and with a bigger salary beginning after the New Year, Nora is energized for an appearance of another life. However, this perfect life for her starts to change when an old companion by the name of Mrs. Linde visits the Helmer family unit. Mrs. Linde, searching for an occupation has come to Nora searching for help through her significant other; this energy has Nora trusting â€Å"He must Christine. Simply leave it to me; I will introduce the topic shrewdly I will consider something that will satisfy him without a doubt. It will make me so glad to be of some utilization to be you† (677). In spite of the fact that, Torvald is glad to offer Mrs. Linde an occupation, Nora is ignorant is has made one stride nearer to her mystery being uncover. As the story unfurls Nora starts to understand her husband’s capacity to give Mrs. Linde’s new position, implies Mr. Krogstand the man holding her mystery is left jobless; causing Nora to understand the cons of helping Mrs. Linde. â€Å"By matters of business, for example, business as you and I have had together-do you think I don’t get that? Great. Do however you see fit. Be that as it may, let me disclose to you this- If I lose my position a subsequent time, you will lose yours with me† (688). Mr. Krogstand utilizes the forces he has over Nora, to attempt to keep his activity. He discloses to her, that in the event that he loses his place at the bank to Mrs. Lindke, he will make certain to disclose to Nora’s mystery to her family. Acknowledging what this would do to the magnificent life to come after the New Year, she asks Torvald to discover a spot for Mr. Krogstand. In any case, Torvald picks not to discover a situation for him and with Mr. Krogstand keeping to his promise he composes a letter to Torvald uncovering Nora’s mystery; making the scene when everything in Nora’s life changes. As Torvald gets the letter, he carries on with rage â€Å"It is mind blowing to the point that I can’t take it in. Be that as it may, we should go to some understanding. Remove that shawl. Take it off, I let you know. I should attempt to pacify him somehow. The issue must be quieted at any expense. What's more, with respect to you and me, it must show up as though everything between us were similarly as in the past however normally just according to the world. You will even now stay in my and that involves course. In any case, I will not permit you to raise the kids; I dare not trust them to you. To believe that I ought to be obliged to state so to one whom I have cherished so truly, and whom I still-. No, that is everywhere. From this second bliss isn't the inquiry; every one of that worries us is to spare the remaining parts, the pieces, and the appearance-â€Å"(715 ). In was in this dislike of fury that’s Nora’s dream of the destined to be superb life, is changed. In spite of the fact that it was soon after this shock from Helmer that he gets another letter saying Nora’s mystery is sheltered; it was past the point of no return for Nora. The shock has caused Nora to acknowledge things about her life and discloses to Helmer â€Å"I imply that I was basically moved from papa’s hands into yours. You orchestrated everything as indicated by your own taste, thus I got into indistinguishable tastes from you-or, in all likelihood I professed to, I am truly not exactly sure which-I think once in a while the one and in some cases the other. At the point when I think back on it, it appears to me as though I have existed only to perform ticks for you, Torvald. Be that as it may, you would have it so. You and dad have submitted an incredible sin against. It is your issue I have made nothing of my life† ( 717). This circumstance has made the opportunity for Nora acknowledge she has been living in another person shadows. She isn't sure what her identity is or even her preferences and with that she parts of the bargains has been living. â€Å"Indeed, you were consummately right. I am not fit for the errand. There is another assignment I should embrace take first. I should attempt to teach myself-you are not the man to help me in that. I should do that for myself. Also, that is the reason I am going to leave you now† (719). She isn't sure what her identity is or even her preferences and with that she parts of the bargains has been living. At the point when the play â€Å"A Doll’s House† started we were acquainted with Nora as a character who was energized for her new life after the New Year. However, an unforeseen visit from an old companion caused Nora to settle on a choice that wound up coming about her mystery start uncovered to her family. As this mystery was uncover, it caused Nora to understand the ideal life she thought she needed after the New Year was not the existence she needed. Giving us that occasionally things don’t consistently go as arranged. The most effective method to refer to Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen, Papers

MeisterLabs Community Round-Up 5 Inspiring Team Workflows - Focus

MeisterLabs Community Round-Up 5 Inspiring Team Workflows - Focus 2017 has been a rollercoaster for many of us. However, hearing from teams around the world who are using MindMeister and MeisterTask to achieve inspiring things has been a high point for us here at MeisterLabs. So, whether you’re counting down the days for this year to be over, or trying to squeeze every last drop out of 2017, we thought we’d share some highlights from the MeisterLabs community you might even like to steal some of these workflows for yourself ?? 1. Helping Teachers in Iowas Schools with the Email to Task Zap With emails flooding in from clients, colleagues, and stakeholders on a daily basis, your inbox can really take a hit. Aaron Roberts, the Innovation Coach for Mason City Schools, shared how this occurs in his work: “My job as the Innovation Coach is similar to the work of a consultant. Teachers are my clients, so I have a great deal of teacher questions rolling into my inbox daily,” To help Aaron manage these emails, he set up a Zap, from Zapier, that converts labeled Gmail messages into MeisterTask tasks. For example, by labeling an email as “Middle school teacher needs”, the email is added automatically as a task to the relevant section of Aaron’s teacher request project board. Without lifting a finger, Aaron’s important emails are turned into tasks, including: the email subject line forming the task name the body of the email forming the task description and the teacher’s email address included in the task description, for an efficient response. “I can be an emailaholic,” Aaron shares. “Thankfully, MeisterTask keeps our team out of our email and focused on the bigger picture, while still managing the day-to-day client needs.” Read Aaron’s story here. 2. Working Remotely to Provide Sustainable Housing Across Europe The Building and Energy Conservation Bureau (ESEB) is an NGO working tirelessly to provide European citizens with long-lasting homes that are safe, warm, environmentally friendly and affordable. Image from ESEB’s Facebook Page. However, with their headquarters in Riga, Latvia but their team spread throughout Europe, the team were facing a collaboration problem: “The biggest issue we were facing was task management between remote team members,” ESEB’s Research Analyst, MartinÅ¡ Miezis, shared with us. “We needed a solution that would display and help to manage the tasks that each employee was working on.” Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Weekly Strategy Meeting on MindMeister. As a result, the team began using MindMeister to hold meetings across their locations, before converting the plans into actionable, assigned tasks in MeisterTask, via the integration. Subsequently, everyone is clear on project progress, no matter their location. Plus, according to the team, they’ve been delivering their housing projects to deadline, and collaboratively, ever since. Read ESEB’s story here. Make every team meeting effectivewith mind maps Get started with MindMeister Its free! Get started with MindMeister 3. Designing Extraordinary Events with Project Scope Mind Maps Event Design Collective is an organization developing innovative ways to plan and implement impactful events. In order to help clients to design and execute these events, the team uses MindMeister to visually share their creative vision with clients. “We use MindMeister to map out and research the event design projects, as well as begin the planning of the design,” Managing Partner and Co-Founder, Ruud Janssen shared. “We find MindMeister particularly useful for sorting out complex problems and getting a clear first picture of the scope, time and research required by new projects.” The mind map, demonstrating project scope and vision, is shared with the client for feedback, ensuring all requirements are agreed upon, before going on to develop a collaborative project plan and roadmap. Read Event Design Collective’s story here. 4. Using Task Checklists and Due Dates to Run the Perfect Wedding Wedding days can be pretty high-pressure. Couples have likely planned their big day for months or even years beforehand, organizing every minute detail to a T. Being part of rolling out this special and precise vision is a big responsibility. Wedding Photographer, Martina Lundborg, shared with us how she uses MeisterTask to help ensure the weddings are just as perfect as planned: “One of the worst things that can happen at a wedding is that you forget something essential. To ensure this doesn’t happen, I have a task per client in MeisterTask, including a checklist of everything I need to remember,” Lundborg shared. “Within the task, I can keep adding items to the checklist as they arise, such as a specific lens I might need for an outdoor wedding or a change of shoes for the 12+ hours of non-stop shooting. I then set the task due date to be a day or so before the wedding, to remind myself to pack all essential belongings!” With this new workflow, Martinas business is growing and partnerships with other wedding photographers are now on the cards: “I’ve always worked alone as a wedding photographer but I’m starting to get involved with projects that involve cooperating more with other photographers in Sweden projects that I would never have considered since the management would take too much time. However, since I’ve worked out a much better workflow with MeisterTask, although it sounds cliché, anything now feels possible!” Read Martina’s story here. Productive task managementmade simple Get started with MeisterTask Its free! Get started with MeisterTask 5. Building Beautiful Digital Marketing Solutions Transparently Earlier this year, we heard from Dutch creative agency We Brand Creative about how they manage client liaison transparently, by creating a new MeisterTask project board for each new client they work with. The team then invites their client to collaborate in the project, providing a visual project roadmap and allowing their clients to track project progress transparently, via the Kanban workflow. Each of their project boards includes the tasks agreed upon with the client and the stage that each task is at in the journey to completion. For example, the team has a section for ‘In Progress *Client Name*’, including all tasks that are in progress but currently with the client for feedback. This feedback can then be given via the inbuilt task commenting features, or within documents attached to the task. “We’ve long been looking for a tool that allows us to work with our clients in an accessible way,” Wouter Zwarekant, Creative Director of We Brand Creative shared. “With MeisterTask we can simply provide clients with access to the relevant project, and because MeisterTask can be used via the web, mobile, and desktop apps, it’s a solution that every client can work with.” Read We Brand Creative’s story here. The process of using MeisterTask for client liaison will soon be even easier with  roles permissions a new feature available on our upcoming MeisterTask Business plan. Keep your eyes peeled for our January announcement! So there’s our round-up of five ways teams have used MindMeister and MeisterTask to achieve inspiring things in 2017 and the workflows they used to do so! Do you have a story you’d like to share on how you’re using MindMeister and/or MeisterTask to achieve great things? Get in touch! In the meantime, wishing you all a great holiday period and a happy new year from the whole team at MeisterLabs! Save 30% on MindMeister MeisterTask Get Started Its free! Get Started MeisterLabs Community Round-Up 5 Inspiring Team Workflows - Focus 2017 has been a rollercoaster for many of us. However, hearing from teams around the world who are using MindMeister and MeisterTask to achieve inspiring things has been a high point for us here at MeisterLabs. So, whether you’re counting down the days for this year to be over, or trying to squeeze every last drop out of 2017, we thought we’d share some highlights from the MeisterLabs community you might even like to steal some of these workflows for yourself ?? 1. Helping Teachers in Iowas Schools with the Email to Task Zap With emails flooding in from clients, colleagues, and stakeholders on a daily basis, your inbox can really take a hit. Aaron Roberts, the Innovation Coach for Mason City Schools, shared how this occurs in his work: “My job as the Innovation Coach is similar to the work of a consultant. Teachers are my clients, so I have a great deal of teacher questions rolling into my inbox daily,” To help Aaron manage these emails, he set up a Zap, from Zapier, that converts labeled Gmail messages into MeisterTask tasks. For example, by labeling an email as “Middle school teacher needs”, the email is added automatically as a task to the relevant section of Aaron’s teacher request project board. Without lifting a finger, Aaron’s important emails are turned into tasks, including: the email subject line forming the task name the body of the email forming the task description and the teacher’s email address included in the task description, for an efficient response. “I can be an emailaholic,” Aaron shares. “Thankfully, MeisterTask keeps our team out of our email and focused on the bigger picture, while still managing the day-to-day client needs.” Read Aaron’s story here. 2. Working Remotely to Provide Sustainable Housing Across Europe The Building and Energy Conservation Bureau (ESEB) is an NGO working tirelessly to provide European citizens with long-lasting homes that are safe, warm, environmentally friendly and affordable. Image from ESEB’s Facebook Page. However, with their headquarters in Riga, Latvia but their team spread throughout Europe, the team were facing a collaboration problem: “The biggest issue we were facing was task management between remote team members,” ESEB’s Research Analyst, MartinÅ¡ Miezis, shared with us. “We needed a solution that would display and help to manage the tasks that each employee was working on.” Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Weekly Strategy Meeting on MindMeister. As a result, the team began using MindMeister to hold meetings across their locations, before converting the plans into actionable, assigned tasks in MeisterTask, via the integration. Subsequently, everyone is clear on project progress, no matter their location. Plus, according to the team, they’ve been delivering their housing projects to deadline, and collaboratively, ever since. Read ESEB’s story here. Make every team meeting effectivewith mind maps Get started with MindMeister Its free! Get started with MindMeister 3. Designing Extraordinary Events with Project Scope Mind Maps Event Design Collective is an organization developing innovative ways to plan and implement impactful events. In order to help clients to design and execute these events, the team uses MindMeister to visually share their creative vision with clients. “We use MindMeister to map out and research the event design projects, as well as begin the planning of the design,” Managing Partner and Co-Founder, Ruud Janssen shared. “We find MindMeister particularly useful for sorting out complex problems and getting a clear first picture of the scope, time and research required by new projects.” The mind map, demonstrating project scope and vision, is shared with the client for feedback, ensuring all requirements are agreed upon, before going on to develop a collaborative project plan and roadmap. Read Event Design Collective’s story here. 4. Using Task Checklists and Due Dates to Run the Perfect Wedding Wedding days can be pretty high-pressure. Couples have likely planned their big day for months or even years beforehand, organizing every minute detail to a T. Being part of rolling out this special and precise vision is a big responsibility. Wedding Photographer, Martina Lundborg, shared with us how she uses MeisterTask to help ensure the weddings are just as perfect as planned: “One of the worst things that can happen at a wedding is that you forget something essential. To ensure this doesn’t happen, I have a task per client in MeisterTask, including a checklist of everything I need to remember,” Lundborg shared. “Within the task, I can keep adding items to the checklist as they arise, such as a specific lens I might need for an outdoor wedding or a change of shoes for the 12+ hours of non-stop shooting. I then set the task due date to be a day or so before the wedding, to remind myself to pack all essential belongings!” With this new workflow, Martinas business is growing and partnerships with other wedding photographers are now on the cards: “I’ve always worked alone as a wedding photographer but I’m starting to get involved with projects that involve cooperating more with other photographers in Sweden projects that I would never have considered since the management would take too much time. However, since I’ve worked out a much better workflow with MeisterTask, although it sounds cliché, anything now feels possible!” Read Martina’s story here. Productive task managementmade simple Get started with MeisterTask Its free! Get started with MeisterTask 5. Building Beautiful Digital Marketing Solutions Transparently Earlier this year, we heard from Dutch creative agency We Brand Creative about how they manage client liaison transparently, by creating a new MeisterTask project board for each new client they work with. The team then invites their client to collaborate in the project, providing a visual project roadmap and allowing their clients to track project progress transparently, via the Kanban workflow. Each of their project boards includes the tasks agreed upon with the client and the stage that each task is at in the journey to completion. For example, the team has a section for ‘In Progress *Client Name*’, including all tasks that are in progress but currently with the client for feedback. This feedback can then be given via the inbuilt task commenting features, or within documents attached to the task. “We’ve long been looking for a tool that allows us to work with our clients in an accessible way,” Wouter Zwarekant, Creative Director of We Brand Creative shared. “With MeisterTask we can simply provide clients with access to the relevant project, and because MeisterTask can be used via the web, mobile, and desktop apps, it’s a solution that every client can work with.” Read We Brand Creative’s story here. The process of using MeisterTask for client liaison will soon be even easier with  roles permissions a new feature available on our upcoming MeisterTask Business plan. Keep your eyes peeled for our January announcement! So there’s our round-up of five ways teams have used MindMeister and MeisterTask to achieve inspiring things in 2017 and the workflows they used to do so! Do you have a story you’d like to share on how you’re using MindMeister and/or MeisterTask to achieve great things? Get in touch! In the meantime, wishing you all a great holiday period and a happy new year from the whole team at MeisterLabs! Save 30% on MindMeister MeisterTask Get Started Its free! Get Started

When the Standard Deviation Is Equal to Zero

The sample standard deviation is a descriptive statistic that measures the spread of a quantitative data set. This number can be any non-negative real number. Since zero is a nonnegative real number, it seems worthwhile to ask, â€Å"When will the sample standard deviation be equal to zero?† This occurs in the very special and highly unusual case when all of our data values are exactly the same. We will explore the reasons why. Description of the Standard Deviation Two important questions that we typically want to answer about a data set include: What is the center of the dataset?How spread out is the set of data? There are different measurements, called descriptive statistics that answer these questions. For example, the center of the data, also known as the average, can be described in terms of the mean, median or mode. Other statistics, which are less well-known, can be used such as the midhinge or the trimean. For the spread of our data, we could use the range, the interquartile range or the standard deviation. The standard deviation is paired with the mean to quantify the spread of our data. We can then use this number to compare multiple data sets. The greater our standard deviation is, then the greater the spread is. Intuition So let’s consider from this description what it would mean to have a standard deviation of zero. This would indicate that there is no spread at all in our data set. All of the individual data values would be clumped together at a single value. Since there would only be one value that our data could have, this value would constitute the mean of our sample. In this situation, when all of our data values are the same, there would be no variation whatsoever. Intuitively it makes sense that the standard deviation of such a data set would be zero. Mathematical Proof The sample standard deviation is defined by a formula. So any statement such as the one above should be proved by using this formula. We begin with a data set that fits the description above: all values are identical, and there are n values equal to x. We calculate the mean of this data set and see that it is   x (x x . . . x)/n nx/n x. Now when we calculate the individual deviations from the mean, we see that all of these deviations are zero. Consequently, the variance and also the standard deviation are both equal to zero too. Necessary and Sufficient We see that if the data set displays no variation, then its standard deviation is zero. We may ask if the converse of this statement is also true. To see if it is, we will use the formula for standard deviation again. This time, however, we will set the standard deviation equal to zero. We will make no assumptions about our data set, but will see what setting s 0 implies Suppose that the standard deviation of a data set is equal to zero. This would imply that the sample variance s2 is also equal to zero. The result is the equation: 0 (1/(n - 1)) ∑ (xi - x )2 We multiply both sides of the equation by n - 1 and see that the sum of the squared deviations is equal to zero. Since we are working with real numbers, the only way for this to occur is for every one of the squared deviations to be equal to zero. This means that for every i, the term (xi - x )2 0. We now take the square root of the above equation and see that every deviation from the mean must be equal to zero. Since for all i, xi - x 0 This means that every data value is equal to the mean. This result along with the one above allows us to say that the sample standard deviation of a data set is zero if and only if all of its values are identical.

Analyse the Argument of the Existence of God from...

i) Analyse the Argument for the Existence of God from Religious Experience (18) The argument for the existence of God from Religious Experience is a simple one, with only two premises. The first being that some people have, or have had a religious experience, the second premise is that these are only explicable though God, thus leading to the conclusion that God exists. This leads us to question, what exactly are religious experiences? Theologians have struggled for centuries trying to define what a religious experience is, with many believing a religious experience to be a sort of revelation, meaning that God reveals some part of hi nature to the experient. St Thomas Aquinas believed that to be his Revealed Theology, where truths†¦show more content†¦Swinburnes third type is a strong feeling, a conviction that they were experiencing, even though there is no phenomena surrounding the experience. The penultimate type is witnessing a perfectly normal experience, such as the Grand Canyon, which creates a numinous experience. The final type of experience is in perceiving a very unusual public object, like a miracle, for instance, the resurrection. To help identify a religious experience, William James put forward four characteristics of a typical experience. The first being passivity: how in control the experient is; as whilst you undergo a religious experience, you take on an alternative personality outside of your own, surrendering your own control to God. The second quality is ineffability, where the experient cant quite put the occurrence into words. Another characteristic of a religious experience is the Noetic Quality of said experience. This quality is the knowledge that is gained in a religious experience, knowledge that cannot be gained in a conventional manner, and tells you something that you otherwise wouldnt know. The final quality is transciency, where the time the experience takes doesnt dictate the significance of the experience, as time is altered or distorted in some way, just as in a dream – the dream may seem really long, whereas in reality its only been a few minutesShow MoreRelatedDiscussion of D.Z . Phillips Conception of Immortality Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagescommon sense, conceptions of what immortality means. Phillips argues that philosophical analyses centred on the notion of immortality have generally been constructed around certain essential presuppositions: presuppositions that assume some form of continuation of personal identity after death. 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The Railroads Role in the Settling of the West Free Essays

string(59) " of strikes occurred at the end of the nineteenth century\." One of the largest contributing factors in the settling of the American West was the completion of the transcontinental railroad. Development was a slow process in much of the west, due in large part to how long the journey took. The completion of the railroad made it both a faster and much safer way to travel across the country. We will write a custom essay sample on The Railroads Role in the Settling of the West or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1862, the Pacific Railroad Act was signed. It promised federal support to build the first transcontinental railroad. Two companies were chosen to take on this enormous project, they were awarded generous land grants and were given millions of dollars in government loans so that they could complete the project. The Union Pacific Railroad started laying tracks heading west from Iowa, while the Central Pacific Railroad was laying tracks heading east from California. The two sets of tracks finally merged together in Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869, creating the first transcontinental railroad. Before the completion of the railroad travel to the west was primarily done by horseback or wagon train. This type of travel took several months to complete and was a very strenuous and dangerous journey, especially when travelling through Indian country. After completion of the railroad the same trip was reduced to a week’s time, while making it a far less dangerous trip especially for the women and children. Passengers were offered free trips, along with long term loans from the railroad companies. This was all done in an effort to attract Americans to the newly developing west. Railroad company executives no longer viewed the Great Plains which covered much of the American West as the inhabitable Great American Desert as it had once been described. The vast native grasslands that are so predominant in Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas that was once thought of as unlivable tracts of land due to the lack of trees to supply lumber that was needed for building homes. There was now an opportunity to ship lumber and building materials into those areas by train, and homes could be built on land that was once considered inhabitable. These native grasslands lands were also considered to be an ideal place for raising cattle. There were already an estimated five million head of longhorn cattle on ranches in Texas. When railroad tracks reached Missouri, these ranchers started organizing long cattle drives. Cowboys would drive the cattle from Texas to Missouri, where it was then loaded into rail cars to be shipped all over the country. As new tracks were being laid, new towns were being built in the areas that the tracks ran through. Within a few years, Abiline, Witchita, and Dodge City all sprang up in Kansas. These towns were all established due to the cattle trade that was created from the railroads, and thrived off of the business provided by the cowboys and the railroad employees. So in conclusion, a few of the railroads contributions to the settlement of the American West. Before the railroad, travel to the west was done on horseback, it took months of traveling over dangerous terrain. After the railroad, travel to the by rail was done in a week’s time on the safety of a train. Lumber and building supplies were now able to be shipped to the Great Plains, a place once thought inhabitable due to the lack of trees that were needed for building homes. Lastly, the railroad allowed the long cattle drives to take place that were responsible for building many towns where the railroad passed thru. There were other contributions that contributed to the settlement of the Great West but I believe these are some of the most significant. Why the AFL Prevailed Over the Knights of Labor One of the main reasons that the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was able to prevail over the Knights of labor was due to the fact that they understood the need for power. This power was achieved by a couple of different ways, they limited their membership to skilled workers, and they did not engage in politics. Their goals were simple, above everything else, the union was there to protect the worker’s rights. The AFL was the national labor union for skilled workers, and they restricted their membership to skilled workers, most of whom were in the craft trade. With all of their members being skilled workers, it gave them solidarity, and meant that all of the members were interested in achieving the same goals. Unlike the Knights of Labor, who would allow membership to all wage earners except lawyers and saloon keepers. This made their membership to widespread, a result of this meant that not all the Knights members were interested in the same objectives. One of the reasons the AFL gained an advantage over the Knights was because of the AFL’s member restrictions. Samuel Gompers was appointed president of the AFL in December of 1886. Gompers realized the importance of keeping things simple. He understood that what was most important to the majority of workers was higher wages and better working conditions. Gompers made sure that the union’s first priority was to protect the rights of the workers. 1 His refusal to let the AFL delve into the political arena allowed them to maintain the support of both the government, and the public. One tactic that was used by unions were boycotts, these were able to take place because of the public’s support for the workers issues. Unions would hold town meetings explaining the workers grievances with their employers, the public would show their support by refusing to buy products that were produced by the company being boycotted. Of course the most popular tactic used by the union was the strike. Employees would refuse to work and form a picket line if the union was unable to reach a collective bargaining agreement with the employer. Thousands of strikes occurred at the end of the nineteenth century. You read "The Railroads Role in the Settling of the West" in category "Papers" The large and growing size of the AFL was used to support these strikes. Unions only won about half of these strikes, but their demands were either partially or fully met in many cases. The AFL was the dominant national labor union in the United States, until the Great Depression. 2 In conclusion, the AFL was able to prevail over the Knights of labor because of the power and solidarity they gained by limiting their membership to skilled workers. By realizing that most workers goals were simple ones that included better pay, and working conditions. Also because of public support that allowed them to conduct boycotts and strikes that would better the lives of the workers that were members. The Significance of technological innovation in Building American Cities American cities were significantly affected by technological advances in the later part of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. These advances were major contributors to the development of the modern city that we see in America and throughout the world. They were a crucial part in allowing cities to be able to grow and support the millions of people that reside in them. Generating technology made it possible to use electricity for improvements in the city. In 1878 the electric arc lamp was first used in Wanamaker’s department store in Philadelphia. This form of electricity was then used to power city lights, and later, elevators, trolley cars, and subways. Trolley cars were the first forms public transit used in cities that was powered by electricity. Trolleys ran on steel tracks and were powered by an electrical cable that ran above them. This however was not a viable mode of transportation in some of the larger more populated cities. Railroads had been the principal mode of transportation for the past few decades, but were of little use for transporting people through a crowded city. That is, until 1879, when the creation of the first elevated railroad or â€Å"els† took place in New York. Cities were also constructing rail systems that ran underground. Boston was the first to use this transportation method, but in 1904, New York completed construction of the first subway system that ran under the entire length of Manhattan. Subways used the same electric technology that was used for trolleys, but they turned public, or mass transit into a much more rapid form of transportation. New innovations in the steel and glass industries allowed architects to change their way of thinking in regard to building design. Instead of using just wood or brick for the outside walls that would bear much of the buildings weight, they were now using steel girders. These girders would be used to build a shell that supported the buildings weight, and the rest of the building was built around them with brick and plate glass windows and other building material. This new building design allowed the construction to reach much higher into the sky. The first building using this new design was built in Chicago in 1885, the ten story Home Insurance Building. Later New York, which was heavy in population but low on available real estate built the fifty-five story Woolworth Building that was completed in 1913. 3 In conclusion, technological innovations significantly affected the building of American cities. Generated technology allowed the use electricity to power our lights, elevators, and subways. Creative thinking in the way that we used the railroads spurned the first subway system. While advances in the steel and glass industries gave architects the opportunity to design the skyscrapers that dot the skyline of American cities. Free Silver and the 1896 Election Free silver was a very heated topic during the Presidential election in 1896, due to the economic crisis that the country was in. Because of the governments shrinking gold reserves it was proposed that silver be used at an exchange rate of sixteen ounces of silver, equaling one ounce of gold. Free silver was the term being used for this concept. It was widely thought, especially among Democrats, that this influx of silver would help to propel the country out of the depression and economic despair of the last three years. Farmers were going bankrupt, thousands of Americans were unemployed, and the economy did not appear to be getting better unless changes were made. These are the issues that brought free silver to the forefront of politics. This issue gained much of its support from the wheat and grain farmers in the Midwest and by the cotton farmers from the South. These farmers were being hurt financially due to falling prices for their crops. The economy in the United States was in need of dire repair and many people saw silver as the economic boost that was needed. Free silver had become the most debated topic leading up to the Presidential election. Democrats wanted to go back to a bimetallic policy for the United States Treasury Department. They believed that this was the only solution to end the economic crisis that the country had been in for the last three years. This was not the first time that silver was a heated topic, this had been an area of debate since it was dropped as a medium of exchange at the treasury in 1873. Democrats had become the party of free silver, but the parties were becoming divided based upon whether members were in support of gold or in support of silver. Free silver however was not just getting support from the Democrats, many Republicans were also in support of silver, and both Democrats and Republicans were switching parties over this debate. Populists, who were also in strong support of the silver were essentially turned into Democrats. This had become one of the most heavily debated subjects in the later part of the nineteenth century and it made the election of 1896 one of the most hard fought campaigns in nearly since 1860. 4 In conclusion, free silver had become such a hot topic during the election of 1886 due to the economic crisis the country was in. Many people believed that free silver was the solution that would give the economy the boost that it needed. Lastly, the silver debate was such a hot topic that it caused both Democrats and Republicans to jump parties over the issue. How to cite The Railroads Role in the Settling of the West, Papers

Legal Aspects of International Lagal Trade and Enterprise

Question: Discuss about the Legal Aspects of International Lagal Trade and Enterprise. Answer: Introduction: The legal aspects of International Trade introduce the complex international legal framework that enables the individuals, business organisation and the governments for exchanging the products and the services legally and successfully. According to the opinion of Barker et al. (2009), the international Trades legal aspects assist to offer a managerial perspectives and awareness regarding the legal implications. The specific action often assisted the Australian International Trade measures to increase its accessibility in the internal market segment. The study attempts to identify the legal aspects of international trade for an organisation which has the business operation in Australia. Considering the fact, the research associate has chosen the company, BHP Billiton Ltd., which is a multinational mining, metals and petroleum company. The regulatory framework of Australian government and the trade union has been identified in the current study to scrutinize the operational impact on t he company. Furthermore, identification of the treaties, conventions and the other agreements that have direct impact on the products and services offered by the multinational firm has been analysed in the present research. Body: BHP Billiton is a Melbourne based global mining company. The minerals segment of the company focusing on copper, coal, iron core and nickel in the Australian business that includes operations in Queensland, Westen Australia, South Australia and the New South Wales. In the addition, the operational capability and the technical expertise of BHP Billiton are the petroleum business that includes exploration, production and the development in the USA, Trinidad and Australia. As per the report of the Australian statistics, the number of employees of the firm was 43,238 in 2012, 46,892 in 2013 and 47,044 in 2014 (www.statista.com, 2016). According to the opinion of Cahoy (2008), the firm has a talented, dedicated and skilled workforce to contribute a better-standardised output. It has been speculated that due to some employment issues the company has reduced globally the number of employees, which was 42,829 in 2015 (www.statista.com, 2016). The global headquarters of BHP Billiton is locate d in Melbourne, Australia and London, UK. Fair trading rule both for the business and the customers are maintained by the statutory framework managed by the Australian government. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) indicate that BHP Billiton has to offer better quality products with affordable price for drawing the attention of the customers (www.bhpbilliton.com, 2016). Considering the words of Castles (2013), the firm could not produce below quality product range with low price for achieving the customers attention. This is also one of the tactics to avoid the overall tax payment. Thus, the government provides some strict rules and legislation for maintaining the product quality of the organisation. It has been identified that the Australian government has faced a budget deficit in the year of 2014 and 2015. The tax payers of Australia took advantage of "pay as you earn" introduced by the Australian Government (Barker, 2009). The business organisation also takes advantage of this particular law and in vests money on different properties. In this scenario, the government has tightened the rules to increase the number of the payers in Australia. Thus, the government of Australia instructs that the business organisations operating in the country have to pay 30% corporate tax depending on the income. Over the last three years, the Australian Parliament has passed a set of rule and legislation to constrict the rules of the income tax transfer pricing. Considering the opinion of Castles (2013), when a transaction occurs it needs to be made arms length price, to avoid any duplicity. This rule has been made by the Australian government. The law states that the pricing needs to be at par with the market rate. If any deviation occurs, the party would be charged. The recent trend shows that MNCs headquartered in Australia is doing this sort of unethical practice to avoid tax burden. To mitigate this discrepancy, the Australian government has imposed the pricing strategy. Hence, the prices charged have a direct impact on the level of the profits of each entity of the multinational organisation. Therefore, Richardson et al. (2015) stated that the BHP Billiton has to pay different amounts of tax in the respective countries. On the other hand, by applying the arms length principle, it is required for BHP Billiton to price the intra-group products and services between the associated business parties for contributing to the Australian economy. Considering the view of Barker et al. (2009), the concept of arms length transaction ensures both the parties who are involved in the deal and controls the parties as a multinational group. It has been observed that Australia has a national privacy legislation, which is supervised by the Office of the Australian Information Commission (OAIC). It regulates the operational activities of the business and store the personal information and communication (www.austrade.gov.au, 2016). BHP Billiton has to maintain the OAIC legislation in the workplace. Adding to this the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), it protects and manage the ecological community through offering a legal framework. The BHP Billiton CSG maintains the up-to-date pra ctices to adhere the EPBC Act. As per the opinion of Castles (2013), success in exploration, development and the other production activities is reinforced by the effective maintenance of the environmental rules. The management of BHP Billiton has managed to introduce certain systems that are entirely aligned with the legal treaties. The brand has also imposed effective controlling measures and operations that justify the viability of the implemented systems. Supporting this Richardson et al. (2015) stated that BHP has a sensitive planning and the effective project design to fulfil the requirement of the Australian Government treaties. Before approving the national environmental and cultural concerns, Australian Government Legislation governs the assessment process of the multinational organisation. Furthermore, the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) offers treaties for the imbalanced contract agreements. The consumer right is administered by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) and the State and Territory consumer protection agencies of Australia (www.austrade.gov.au, 2016). Moreover, BHP Billiton has entered into a contract with Brazils Federal Attorney General, where the ma nagement claims to provide a compensation for the damage caused for the Samarco tragedy. Conclusion: The Australian government has made a sustainable path to balance the budget by incorporating several corporate for the business organisation. The government has introduced several responsible choices to ensure the overall impact of the new business policies. The mining firm, BHP Billiton adhered to all the rules measured by the Australian government to make the business execution easy. Moreover, adherence to Product liability regulation regulates the product safety of the firm, so that BHP can uphold the sustainable position in the Australian marketplace. References: 2016, S. (2016) Number of employees at BHP Billiton from 2012 to 2015, by region*. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/274234/number-of-employees-at-bhp-billiton-by-region/ (Accessed: 24 August 2016). Barker, R.M., Cobb, A.T. and Karcher, J. (2009) The legal implications of electronic document retention: Changing the rules, Business Horizons, 52(2), pp. 177186. Billiton, B. (2016) BHP Billiton results. Available at: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/ (Accessed: 24 August 2016). Cahoy, D.R. (2008) Treating the legal side effects of cipro: are evaluation of compensation rules for government takings of patent rights, American Business Law Journal, 40(1), pp. 125175. Castles, M. (2013) Australia: Client CapacityInadequate rules and unpalatable choices, Legal Ethics, 16(2), pp. 367369. Commission, A.T. (2016) Australian business and environment laws. Available at: https://www.austrade.gov.au/International/Invest/Guide-to-investing/Running-a-business/Understanding-Australian-business-regulation/Australian-business-and-environment-laws (Accessed: 24 August 2016). Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R. (2015) The impact of financial distress on corporate tax avoidance spanning the global financial crisis: Evidence from Australia, Economic Modelling, 44(12), pp. 4453. Taylor, G. and Richardson, G. (2014) Incentives for corporate tax planning and reporting: Empirical evidence from Australia, Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 10(1), pp. 115.

Sports Management Statement of Purpose Research Paper Example

Sports Management Statement of Purpose Paper Being coach of the football team has been my lifetime dream. It is my passion to excel in this field. Today I have achieved it, but that’s not the boundary towards achieving my lifetime goal. As a coach, I believe a career in football is not like the ball that goes around and around, but its beyond than that. Football coaching has a wide scope, and I choose to pursue my postgraduate studies in Sports Coaching and Development. I would prefer to explore more on this field as there is a bright room for self-improvement as a coach. I believe that studying and self-enhancing is a continuous process throughout a human’s life. It is my strong will to shine as a successful football coach and contribute towards this field. And if I’ve been offered to pursue in this field, it’s definitely going to be a dream come true. I will put on my full attention and efforts towards researching and upgrading techniques of coaching and development in football. Coaching involves combination of strategy, techniques, motivation, team work, ideas and efforts towards achieving the same goal. Through this course, I’m confident that I could upgrade my coaching skills especially in maintaining a healthy football team that moves competently. Each individual, referring to the coach has different types of team management and objectives. Thus I would like to grab this opportunity to meet up different types of people in this field to learn up new things, knowledge and experience which would be very helpful for me in the future. Meeting up football professionals, would definitely be an advantage n I would like to utilize it. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Management Statement of Purpose specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Management Statement of Purpose specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Management Statement of Purpose specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Liverpool is known as the best city for football, I’m really looking forward in pursuing my masters there and broaden my knowledge along with experience. Furthermore, Malaysia is currently a developing country and it still has a long way to improve its quality in the football field. In Malaysia, new technologies in football are limited, lack of courses like sports science or sports management which are important in guiding and improving a football team. These factors have been a barrier upon educating and developing Malaysian football players. Therefore, I would like to take this chance to improve my coaching skills and introduce usage of new technologies in coaching to improve our Malaysian football coaching and also the potential of Malaysian football players. As a Malaysian, it’s always been my responsibility to contribute towards our nation’s growth and development. I wish my contribution in future would help to boost up the world ranking of Malaysian football team. s

Afforestation in Hong Kong

Afforestation in Hong Kong Afforestation in Hong Kong is one of the topics of the on-going debate on sustainability.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Afforestation in Hong Kong specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chinese government is trying to address the problems related to environmental problems and afforestation is seen as one of possible effective ways to solve such issues as soil erosion, vast amounts of carbon dioxide, etc. (Xin, 2012). Though, it is necessary to note that these attempts are not new as afforestation policies were introduced as far back as the end of the nineteenth century when Government Gardens and Tree Planting Departments (Hamilton, 2008). Those were first initiatives aimed at securing forests from non-sanctioned felling (Demurger Yang, 2006). Nonetheless, massive afforestation policies were launched only after the World War II. The situation in the region was really alarming as the aftermaths of the war were dev astating and it was time to come up with effective solutions (Xi, Bi He, 2012). Another stage of afforestation began in 1979 when a number of strategies were developed to effectively develop ecosystem of the region (Harris, 2012). Those measures head a positive impact on the environmental situation in the region as the forest cover in the area increased from 8.6% in the middle of the twentieth century to 18.21% in 2003 (Zhang Song, 2006).Advertising Looking for dissertation on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, Elliott et al. (2006) claim that the strategies used are not as effective as they could be and the policies should be reconsidered. Therefore, the afforestation strategies used have raised a number of questions. Thus, the reforestation in the region has been characterised by the use of exotic tree species. This approach is supported by some researchers, but it is highly criticised as it regard ed as rather ineffective. As far as positive effects of the use of exotic trees are concerned, it is possible to note that there is certain impact on the diversity in the region (Pullar Lamb, 2012). Willoughby et al. (2007) argue that exotic species are potentially favourable for development of biodiversity in a region. Though, it is necessary to note that the researchers focused on a specific area (Britain) and the time the trees were observed is insufficient to come to particular conclusions. Liu (2003) claims that planting exotic species of trees had a favourable impact on the rehabilitation of the area due to high productivity of the chosen species. The researcher notes that some species of bamboo can help restore forest coverage in limited periods of time. Yau (1997) also supports the idea that exotic trees can be useful to ameliorate the environment which will become a good basis for the future reforestation with native species. Lee, Hau and Corlett (2005) stress that exotic species can have favourable impact as they can be used for restoration of soil system, but the researchers also argue that exotic trees are inappropriate for restoration of biodiversity in the region and, due to this, native species of trees should prevail.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Afforestation in Hong Kong specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Obviously, the majority of researchers agree that the use of exotic trees is quite limited and is inappropriate for massive afforestation of the area. The use of native species of trees is seen as the most effective strategy to effectively restore biodiversity in the area. Chen et al. (2008) provide comprehensive evidence to support their argument that the use of exotic trees is ineffective for afforestation of areas. At the same time, Elliott et al. (2006) argue that the use of exotic species can negatively affect biodiversity of the area as such species can replac e native trees. Even though, this can have no negative impact on the soil, it can negatively affect the ecosystem as natural pollinators will not be able to adjust to the new environment (Clark, 2005). Hau (2000) notes that the effectiveness of the use of native species still needs certain research as time is needed to investigate all possible outcomes of the use of this or that strategy. Nagendra and Southworth (2010) claim that biodiversity is crucial to the environment and, therefore, the use of exotic species is hazardous. The researchers believe new strategies of afforestation should be used. In particular, the use of native trees should become the major strategy (Jim, 2012). Hau (2010) also stresses that native trees should be used to restore the ecosystem as the use of exotic trees can result in degradation of biodiversity in certain sites.Advertising Looking for dissertation on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, it is clear that quite extensive research has been implemented on the matter. The majority of researchers agree that the use of native trees is of paramount importance for the restoration of the biodiversity in the region and it should be the core strategy of the afforestation policies in Hong Kong. Nonetheless, it is necessary to note that the experiments were carried out in quite limited periods of time. Admittedly, investigation of the development of ecosystems and biodiversity cannot be held within a decade. Therefore, further research is essential. It is necessary to analyse the effectiveness of policies used in the middle of the twentieth century. It is also important to have a closer look at the exact species used in particular areas. Reference List Chen, L., Tam, N.F.Y., Huang, J., Zeng, X., Meng, X., Zhong, C., Wong, Y. Lin, G. (2008). Comparison of ecophysiological characteristics between introduced and indigenous mangrove species in China. Estuarine, Coastal a nd Shelf Science, 79(1), 644-652. Clark, J. (2005). Preserving Hong Kong’s Biodiversity. Retrieved from civic-exchange.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/200508_EcologicalRestoration.pdf Demurger, S. Yang, W. (2006). Economic changes and afforestation incentives in rural China. Environment and Development Economics, 11(5), 629–649. Elliott, S., Blakesley, D., Maxwell, J. F., Doust, S., Sutthathorn, S. (2006). How to plant a forest†¯: The principles and practice of restoring tropical forest. Retrieved from forru.org/PDF_Files/htpafbook/htpafbook.pdf Hamilton, S. (2008). Watching over Hong Kong: Private policing 1841-1941. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Harris, P.G. (2012). Environmental policy and sustainable development in China. Bristol, UK: The Policy Press. Hau, B.C.H. (2000). Promoting native tree species in land rehabilitation in Hong Kong, China. In S. Elliott, J. Kerby, D. Blakesley, K. Hardwick, K. Woods and V. Anusarnsunthorn (Eds), Forest restor ation for wildlife conservation. (pp. 109-120). Thailand: Chiang Mai University. Hau, B.C.H. So, K.K.Y. (2003). Using native tree species to restore degraded hillsides in Hong Kong, China. Retrieved from aseanbiodiversity.info/abstract/52001396.pdf Hau, B.C.H. (2010). Using native plant species in forest restoration and slope rehabilitation in Hong Kong, China. Retrieved from rainforestation.ph/news/pdfs/Hau.pdf Jim, C.Y. (2012). Restoration of forests associated with new town development in Hong Kong. In J. Stanturf, D. Lamb, P. Madsen (Eds.), A goal-oriented approach to forest landscape restoration (pp. 129-149). London, UK: Springer. Lee, E. W. S., Hau, B. C. H. Corlett, R. T. (2005). Natural regeneration in exotic tree plantations in Hong Kong, China. Forest Ecology and Management, 212(1–3), 358–366. Liu, D. (2003). Rehabilitation of degraded forests to improve livelihoods of poor farmers in South China. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Nagendra, H. Southworth, J. (2010 ). Reforesting landscapes: Linking pattern and process. Bloomington, USA: CIFOR. Pullar, D. Lamb, D. (2012). A tool comparing alternative forest landscape restoration scenarios. In J. Stanturf, D. Lamb, P. Madsen (Eds.), A goal-oriented approach to forest landscape restoration (pp. 129-149). London, UK: Springer. Willoughby, I., Stokes, V., Poole, J., White, J.E.J. Hodge, S.J. (2007). The potential of 44 native and non-native tree species for woodland creation on a range of contrasting sites in lowland Britain. Forestry, 80(5), 531–553. Xi, W., Bi, H. He, B. (2012). Forest landscape restoration in China. In J. Stanturf, D. Lamb, P. Madsen (Eds.), A goal-oriented approach to forest landscape restoration (pp. 65-93). London, UK: Springer. Xin, Z. (2012, March 12). Afforestation to continue into next decade. The China Daily. Retrieved from chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-03/12/content_14814759.htm Yau, F. (1997). Soil and afforestation in the Shing Mun Country Park, Hong Kong (M aster’s Thesis. The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China). Retrieved from http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/55287/3/FullText.pdf Zhang, Y. Song, C. (2006). Impacts of afforestation, deforestation, and reforestation on forest cover in China from 1949 to 2003. Journal of Forestry, 104(7), 383–387.

Government & Business in Southeast Asia - Indonesia Essay

Government & Business in Southeast Asia - Indonesia - Essay Example In maintaining a patrimonial leadership, Indonesia is loosing in certain ways. First, this kind of rule only catered for the elites. Although the government depended on views of its citizens to lead, it only considered the views of the elites as the rest were considered poor, socially backward, and politically passive (Crouch Web). This means that a large part of the society may suffer because of poor distribution of resources. Thus, a tag of war always existed between the elites and the rest of the society, but the government intervenes to make to keep the patrimonial leadership. Secondly, this kind of leadership affected Indonesia’s economy in various ways. Due to lack of openness of government procedures, corruption seeped and that saw a great number discriminated against because they had nothing to offer. It is important to note that there is lack of independent entity to keep an eye on this kind of leadership in Indonesia, which makes the government officials not accountable for their actions. Only a few of the investments can take place as public priorities are distorted. For instance, the businesses of the military group together with their family members continued to flourish as the current government helped them acquire contracts within the government. Thirdly, a tried coup in 1965 by PKI supporters caused them to loose their lives as the military government fought back. According to Crouch, patrimonial rituals were not adequate to contain conflict between competing interests (Crouch Web) Indonesia has reaped many benefits in maintaining its patrimonial leadership. First, in a patrimonial leadership, leaders lack coercive power to enforce their rule and retain political loyalty. This makes them issue their supporters with delicacies and goods to win their loyalty (Crouch Web). This is an advantage to Indonesia in that the leaders cannot enforce an authoritarian system whereby common person has no say. In addition, after Suharto

Reading Comment and Question on The History of Communication Media by Assignment

Reading Comment and Question on The History of Communication Media by Friedrich Kittler - Assignment Example The main guideline to technological advancement in media is reduction and elimination of the need to meet in order to communicate (Kittler, n.d). Communication in the past was based on the capability to read and inscribe but with the latest technologies it relies on the application of computer skills  (Kittler, n.d). The quality of communication today is guided by the ability to employ the latest technologies in communication correctly. Advancements such as the move from the olden pictographs that were done on clay tablets to the current broadband communication clearly show the great improvement in media technology. All media tools have improved in terms of information collected, Storage capability and speed of transmission. Technology has made places connect, and the limitations of time and distance have been wiped out. Despite having landmark positive changes, the latest media are exposed to the threat of a limited shelf life due to its fragility. Pictographs that were produced over 5000 years ago remain intact while newspapers that were manufactured just a year ago have already crumbled (Winthrop-Young, 2011, p.77). Information stored in DVDs and cassettes is easily lost due to the vulnerability of such media tools. Despite offering many solutions, the latest technologies in media, therefore, pose a risk of destroying cultural heritage. Digital technologies produce information for instant, but one time use as opposed to olden methods that produced information to be used over

Nursing Essays Therapeutic Relationship Patient

Nursing Essays Therapeutic Relationship Patient Introduction Within the context of healthcare one of the most important factors is the establishment of an effective therapeutic relationship between the nurse and patient (Foster Hawkins, 2005). The ways in which nursing staff and patients interact can be influential in terms of information transfer, provision of psychological support, and may also provide some therapeutic benefits in themselves (Welch, 2005). Hence, there has been a renewed focus on the importance of how nurses interact with patients in practice, in order to enhance patient outcomes (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008; Sutcliffe, 2011). Understanding the fundamental components of this relationship and how to achieve these components in practice remains a vital aspect of nurse training and continuing professional development (Ramjan, 2004; Perraud et al., 2006). In accordance with the perceived importance of the therapeutic relationship, the aim of this paper is to provide an evidence-based review of how this relationship may be used in nursing practice. This will be supplemented with a reflection on personal observations made by the author, utilising a reflective model (Nielsen et al., 2007). The model in this case will be that devised by Gibbs (1988), which has been validated as a useful tool for personal practice development and goal-setting in the clinical domain (Foster Hawkins, 2005). This model emphasises a step-wise approach to reflection, encompassing: description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan formulation (Gibbs, 1988). Therefore, this paper will consider the therapeutic relationship from the perspective of a specified practice context experienced by the author, with a discussion of how practice can be improved based on the best available evidence from the literature. Reflection context The main context of care that will be the focus of this essay is the elderly rehabilitation ward, where the author first encountered a number of issues regarding the need for optimal relationships between practitioners and patients in practice. The goal of this ward is to assist elderly patients in adapting to their functional capacities and lifestyle abilities, in order that they can achieve the maximum possible degree of quality of life in the community setting following discharge (Routasalo et al., 2004). Consequently, numerous health professionals provide an input into the care pathway, including physiotherapists, occupational therapists and physicians, in addition to nursing staff (Hershkovitz et al., 2007). From the perspective of the author, there are several important aspects of this scenario that relate to the therapeutic relationship: the large increase in personal responsibilities in terms of assisting patients with activities, the need to motivate and communicate effectively with patients to ensure that they are able to remain psychologically motivated, and the need to coordinate personal clinical care activities with those of others to ensure the patient journey is smooth (Siegert Taylor, 2004). The remainder of this paper will consider the therapeutic relationship grounded within this practice context, supplemented with personal experiences from this placement, in order to highlight these factors in greater detail. Evidence-based reflection Defining the therapeutic relationship In order to fully appreciate the need for a therapeutic relationship it is important to define this relationship in a practice context. The term is often used within the context of psychiatric or psychological therapy distribution in modern literature, although the aim of this paper is to consider the term as a more general way in which nurses communicate and interact with patients to establish a clear clinical outcome (Bulmer Smith et al., 2009). McKlindon Barnsteiner (1999) suggest that the therapeutic relationship needs to be a two-way, reciprocal relationship at all times, involving nursing staff, the patient and their family, where appropriate. There is a need to emphasise caring in this relationship, with positive communication and clear boundaries of both personal and professional interactions (McCormack, 2004). Hence, the relationship between a nurse and patient should fit into the patient-centred model of care, where patients are not only listened to within a clinical decision-making context, but are actively encouraged to participate in their own care pathway (McCormack McCance, 2006). The therapeutic relationship encompasses three important domains of care: physical, psychological and emotional care (Pelzang, 2010). These elements may be more profoundly encountered by nursing staff on hospital wards due to their prolonged exposure to specific patients and their in-depth interactions in the patient care journey, when compared to other members of staff who may have less face-to-face time with individuals (Pelzang, 2010). Within the setting of the elderly rehabilitation ward, many patients are transitioning from an acute or chronic care scenario to community care and require additional, specialist assistance in doing so (McCormack, 2003). Consequently, nursing staff in this ward are exposed to patients for extended periods of time and need to consider the holistic aspects of care in order to achieve successful rehabilitation (Cott, 2004). Therefore, the therapeutic relationship in this context involves establishing the capabilities of the patient, working with the patient to achieve set goals, and ensuring that the psychological and emotional aspects of chronic illness or disability can be managed effectively in the long term (McCormack McCance, 2006). Communication In light of the definition of the therapeutic relationship within the context of rehabilitation, the remaining sections of this paper will evaluate the core aspects involved in maintaining a therapeutic relationship, with this section focusing on communication between nurse and patient. The specific clinical scenario the author has struggled with in the rehabilitation placement is when a patient has higher expectations than they should in terms of their ability to perform tasks or live independently following discharge. Patients are obviously passionate in maintaining independence in the majority of cases and this can cloud their judgement as to their genuine abilities and capabilities in functional tasks (Cott, 2004). While it is important to acknowledge the feelings and ideas of a patient and act accordingly, it can be negligent of nursing duties not to act with the patient’s best interests at heart (McCormack, 2003). Therefore, the nurse needs to maintain that their actions are guided by medical evidence and professional protocols, as well as reflecting the need and desires of the patient (NMC, 2008). Communication encompasses not only verbal communication with the patient, but is also reflected in body language and actions (Yoo Chae, 2011). Having an open body posture, including the avoidance of crossed arms, can help in establishing rapport, while maintaining eye contact and avoiding distractions during conversations with patients can enhance the bond between nurse and patient (Brown Bylund, 2008). Communication is also as much about relaying information as it is about receiving information and therefore, nursing staff should be able to elicit patient concerns specifically and utilise these appropriately without blocking these interactions with a one-sided approach to conversation (Yoo Chae, 2011). The opposite is also true, whereby overly expressive patients may limit the nurse-led component of the communication episode; both parties need to be good at communication for a perfect mutual appreciation of ideas to occur (Sheldon et al., 2006). In practice this may be difficult to achieve, but the obligations of the nurse to facilitate this process are a core component of the therapeutic relationship. Communicating effectively with patients in the elderly rehabilitation setting was a massive responsibility and challenge for the author, as this was their first encounter with such patients in this setting. The expectation of knowledge in this setting was high and it could be frustrating to patients who want answers from a junior or inexperienced practitioner (McCormack, 2003; Leach, 2005). Hence communication needed to focus on establishing information, sharing action plans and building general rapport that would enable the development of trust and a mutually beneficial exchange of ideas (Leach, 2005). The author found this form of communication challenging to achieve on a routine basis within the rehabilitation setting, due to the need to balance a motivational approach with a realistic form of communication regarding expected patient capabilities and outcomes. Hence, the reflective scenario will focus on aspects of this particular communication episode as a component of the therapeutic relationship. Empathy Empathy is a cornerstone of effective communication with patients and is defined as the ability to share or identify with the emotional state of the patient (Brunero et al., 2010). If done effectively an empathic response to patient concerns can yield a sense of shared understanding, reinforcing the notion that the patient’s concerns are being listened to (Kirk, 2007). By establishing an empathic response with a patient, practitioners often remark that they are better able to connect with the experiences of the patient, allowing them greater insight into how they can help the patient (Brunero et al., 2010). Therefore, empathy is a core component of establishing a meaningful therapeutic relationship with patients in all settings. The nurse can develop empathic communication skills in a number of ways, including through specific communication skills training (Webster, 2010). This training often emphasises the role of open-ended questions and body language within the context of empathy, whereby nurses should ask patients specifically about their emotions and feelings during a clinical interaction (Stickley Freshwater, 2006). Often the process of asking a patient how they feel about a particular reaction is sufficient to allow them to relax and become more comfortable conveying these thoughts and feelings. On the part of the nurse, it is important to reflect these responses back to the patient by further exploring these issues and offering an active listening approach, rather than redirecting the focus of the conversation back to more clinical matters (Brunero et al., 2010). Although it has been argued that empathy is an intrinsic quality, which some people possess, the representation of empathy in communication is important in clinical care and should be delivered through verbal, non-verbal and emotional communication skills (Welch, 2005). In the present scenario, the author was able to empathise with patients on the rehabilitation ward to a high degree and many patients were frank and open about their emotional needs and worries regarding the rehabilitation process. Often the patients’ worries were highly emotive and this affected the author such that the patient was regarded as an object of sympathy or pity in some cases due to their hardships. This made the author feel uncomfortable during patient interactions for a number of reasons: firstly, because it was an emotional situation, and secondly because the expectations of the patient with regards to rehabilitation were higher than expected and it was often difficult to address these in a controlled manner. Hence, the reflective experience demonstrates a number of feelings in this situation, which reflect problems with the therapeutic relationship. Trust and respect One of the primary outcomes of the therapeutic relationship is to establish a caring and trusting relationship between the nurse and patient (Brown et al., 2006). Trust is a concept based on respect and openness within this relationship and this often takes time to establish, acting as an extension of the professional respect a patient may hold for a nurse and vice versa (Miller, 2006). Within the context of elderly care rehabilitation, nurses need to establish a strong bond of trust as patients will often have to make compromises in terms of assisted living devices and acceptance of their functional limitations when attempting to optimise their quality of life (Schmalenberg et al., 2005). Unless they trust the healthcare professionals involved in their care they are less likely to adhere to recommendations or to accept help, reducing the potential positive impacts of nursing interventions (McCabe, 2004). Establishing trust within a therapeutic relationship requires time and demands that the practitioner is able to manage their communication skills appropriately to ensure the patient feels that they are listened to and involved in their own care (Brown et al., 2006). Both the practitioner and the patient must be receptive to the idea of trust within the relationship in order for this to be achieved, which often involves addressing barriers to trust, including suspiciousness of the intentions of healthcare professionals, poor communication, and mutual respect on a personal level (Miller, 2006). When a trusting relationship is achieved there is a greater chance that patients will be receptive to clinical interventions and nursing input, at least when delivered on a personal level (Wolf Zuzelo, 2006). Equally, nursing staff can trust that patients will make informed decisions about their care and will follow guidance, when appropriate (Schmalenberg et al., 2005). Within the present reflective context, the author felt as though there was a distinct lack of trust in the therapeutic relationship, primarily due to the fact that a patient would often wish for their expectations to be met without heeding specific nursing advice on several occasions. This was likely secondary to the fact that the author found it difficult to convey these ideas in a sensitive manner, while addressing the concerns of the patient in an empathic way. Hence, it can be perceived that the patient and nurse did not enter a trusting relationship, as communication between the two was suboptimal (McCabe, 2004). However, on a more positive note, the relationships formed with patient during the initial days on placement were friendly and demonstrated a degree of mutual respect, which is an important facet of the therapeutic relationship (Stickley Freshwater, 2006). Hence, there were positive and negative aspects to the therapeutic relationships formed in practice during this placement, according to a reflective evaluation. To make sense of this situation, the author analysed these positive and negative factors within this context. What was clear to the author was that the communication skills that had been utilised so far in therapeutic relationship building relied heavily on patient factors, rather than nursing input. Hence, there was an imbalance in the way information was presented and received within this relationship, to the detriment of the therapeutic journey. The reasons for poor communication and trust establishment stemmed from multiple factors, including the younger age of the author compared to patients, relative inexperience on the part of the author, and the highly charged emotional nature of interactions in this setting. Therefore, it was clear that one of the main factors that was missing in the therapeutic relationships was the projection of a strong professional identity, which could guide the patient towards a suitable clinical outcome and would assist in developing the appropriate communication tools for the rehabilitation process. Professional values While it is clear that the need for the therapeutic relationship stems from a desire to form a constructive clinical partnership with a patient in a specific context, there is also a professional responsibility to engage patients in this manner in practice (Chitty Black, 2007). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) advocate communication, trust, dignity and respect during the treatment of all patients as a fundamental aspect of care delivery and therefore establishing a therapeutic relationship can be considered a core aspect of all nursing practice (Fahrenwald et al., 2005). However, within the context of effective nursing practice it is recognised that there is a need to respect the personal boundaries of the patient and to act as a professional rather than a friend in most cases (Rushton, 2006). Professionalism in the context of rehabilitation care includes the need to be realistic with regards to patient expectations, while ensuring appropriate levels of motivation and commitment to a therapeutic plan (Fahrenwald et al., 2005; Rushton, 2006). For some practitioners, an overly empathic response to patients and their condition can lead to sympathy and warped clinical decision making processes, often favouring the opinion of the patient over established guidance (Bulmer Smith et al., 2009). This is likely to have a detrimental impact on the patient in the long term and should be avoided as a result. Within the Gibbs reflective cycle (1988), the author has noted that one of the main conclusions that can be drawn from working within the rehabilitation sphere is that maintenance of professional values and boundaries is essential to avoid becoming overly emotional or inappropriately involved in patient care (Stickley Freshwater, 2006; Baker et al., 2008). The author should try not to become too attached to patients during their care journey in order to make an objective assessment of their capabilities and therapeutic needs, as relying too heavily on the opinions and desires of the patient can yield unsatisfactory results in the long term, particularly when these go against recommended practice (Leach, 2005). By applying more rigorous professional boundaries in the future, and focusing on explaining complex situations from a nursing perspective, rather than yielding to the patients’ wishes, the author can improve their contribution to practice in the long term and enhance the patient journey through rehabilitation. Conclusion In summary, this paper has considered the personal experiences of the author within the context of a reflective practice episode in order to appreciate the value and tenets of the therapeutic relationship in practice. The core components of the therapeutic relationship, as they relate to the present scenario, have been discussed with reference to the evidence base in order to develop a constructive reflective episode reflecting a description of events, feeling, evaluation, analysis and conclusion. The process of reflection should yield a suitable action plan and in this case the author feels that they should engage with patients in a more professional manner, ensuring that they maintain an empathic and understanding approach to care while maintaining nursing boundaries. In order to achieve this, communication skills should be enhanced in the future, through attendance at specific communication skills courses, in order to become more comfortable in managing potential conflicts or hostility. This should enhance the therapeutic relationship and ensure that future patients can be managed in a manner that benefits all members of the relationship. Furthermore, it is important that the author is aware of how other colleagues maintain professional boundaries and can direct their relationship accordingly in practice, and consultation with colleagues on this point would be a useful learning tool. On completion of these tasks, the author should therefore feel better prepared to engage with patients in a meaningful way, ensuring that trust is developed and that patients have an effective care process, in all areas of care. References Baker, C., Pulling, C., McGraw, R., Dagnone, J. D., Hopkins†Rosseel, D., Medves, J. (2008). Simulation in interprofessional education for patient†centred collaborative care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 64(4), 372-379. Brown, D., White, J., Leibbrandt, L. (2006). Collaborative partnerships for nursing faculties and health service providers: what can nursing learn from business literature?. Journal of Nursing Management, 14(3), 170-179. Brown, R. F., Bylund, C. L. (2008). 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